The Heros Journey in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown...

The Heros Journey in Young Goodman Brown nbsp; Faith is accepting what you are taught or told without trying to prove or disprove it, rather than discovering it through experience.nbsp;Those who believe in God have faith. It has not been proven that God exists; similarly, it has not been proven that humans are kind, honest, and good by nature. Young Goodman Brown is a character in Young Goodman Brown, who leaves his known world in Salem village and travels an unknown road in a dark forest in the middle of the night, a common motif in literature better known as the Heros journey, and is faced with obstacles. He must decide if he will carry his journey out till the end, or turn back and not learn the truth about himself and other†¦show more content†¦The threshold, or jumping off point for Brown, is when he has made his final decision to ignore his wifes pleas and take his journey. It is ironic when Faith finally lets him go and says, Then God bless you! ...and may you find all well when you come back (pg. 87). He is only gone one night and nothing substantial changes in Salem village while he is gone, but since he is so dramatically changed emotionally during his excursion, he remains sad and distrustful for the rest of his life, due to knowing the truth about human nature. Young Goodman Brown must leave behind his known world, Salem village, and enter an unknown world, the forest, to face challenges he must be capable of overcoming. Allegorically, he embarks on a psychological and spiritual odyssey. Entering an unknown territory is scary and puts a person at a much higher physical and emotional risk. There may be a devlish Indian behind every tree shows how insecure Young Goodman Brown is in the forest because he is exposing himself to danger, which in this case, is evil itself (pg. 88). He must stay strong and overcome his weaknesses to get past his biggest fears and continue his Heros journey. Goodman Brown is tempted to turn around and go home, but he sticks it out, and continues onward. Goodman Brown remarks, What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! just before noticing a man, similar in appearance to himself, sitting under a tree (pg. 88). This man speaks as if he was expecting BrownShow MoreRelatedThe Brown s A Forest, And The Devil !1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brown’s, A Forest, and The Devil! Oh My Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† tells a tale of when man, who is supposedly good in nature, faces temptation and evil head on. The story, much like the tale of Adam Eve, is an allegory for the evil and selfishness of mankind; for young Goodman Brown s fight with his inner temptations and his outward struggle with the devil himself represents mankind s lost encounter within the battle of good and evil. Though it is not clear whether the events inRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe process of change. So-called initiation novels, such as David Copperfield, Huckleberry Finn and the Great Gatsby, are examples. In each case the author has arranged the events of the plot so that they reveal the slow and painful maturing of the young protagonist coming into contact with the world of adult experience. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor ones, because the author’s principal

Free Time Free Essays

There are lots of pleasure grounds all over the world. I think everywhere there are pubs, discoes, clubs, etc. We go out with my friends especially to pubs where we can chat, listen to music, dance and eat something. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the garden parties are more friendlier and cheaper. We usually organize barbecues with children, this time they can play and run in the garden. I usually go to a wellness-weekend with my husband once a year in winter because we work a lot all of the year. There are some well-known spas in Hungary, for example, Hà ©và ­z and Hajdà ºszoboszlà ³, and many people, including foreigners, go there. A hobby is an activity that you like doing and do quite often. Hobbies are a form of recreation. If you have a hobby, it’s easier to regain energy after a hard day’s work. Depending on the type of the hobby, you can also make friends. Unfortunately many Hungarians spend their free time at home watching TV. But there are some who do some physical activities regularly, like swimming, aerobics or hiking. Nowadays many young people spend much of their time playing computer games either at home or in internet cafes. I think men and women usually have different kinds of hobbies, for example, very few women go fishing and they are not so interested in extreme sports, either. On the other hand, men generally aren’t interested in needlework or pottery. In my opinion both men and women do gardening but they tend to do different jobs in the garden. Women like dealing with flowers, they weed the flowerbeds, plant new varieties and they design the whole garden. Men usually prune the trees, trim the hedges and mow the lawn. Collecting stamps, coins, autographs, phone cards, beer mats or napkins, model building, doing needlework or woodwork, pottery, basketry, playing an instrument and dancing are indoor hobbies, while hiking, mountaineering, caving, sailing, fishing, canoeing and bird-watching are outdoor hobbies. My sister’s hobbies are collecting phone cards and diary writing. I like reading about feng-shui and I like to be an Avon consultant. I used to play handball for years, nowadays I only watch handball games on TV. As far as I know, the English like playing golf and cricket, and there are quite a few soccer fans among them. They often mow the lawn and wash their cars at weekends, while some British people go to horse races to bet or just to watch the race. Some Americans go to baseball and basketball games regularly to support their teams. But there are others who prefer staying at home and watching these games on TV while eating snacks. I think Hungarian people collect the same things that people like collecting all over the world, mostly stamps and coins. If we considered a sport that many people pursue popular, the most popular sport in Hungary are football, handball, hiking and aerobics. If a popular sport means a sport that many people watch, besides football and handball, the most popular sports are Formula 1 racing, water polo and boxing. How to cite Free Time, Papers

Contemporary Accounting TFV Concept

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Accountingfor TFV Concept. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, the true fair view is an important accounting standard. The word accounting standard enhances the importance of the TFV concept automatically. The main reason behind it is that accounting standards are major part of the corporate reporting frameworks; and such frameworks are completely followed by the Companies acts or laws. Along with this, the TFV concept does not have any statutory definition; but it has its own importance in IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and UK GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). These international accounting standards make the true fair view legal as well as reliable. Moreover, the concept of TFV has authoritative statements that are written by British Judges named as Lord Hoffmann and Dame Mary Arden. In view of that, it has become a central part of the accounting, financial and auditing practices of the business organizations. In addition to this, in this research paper, a literature review is conducted to explain the history as well as historical purpose of the true fair view. Additionally, the literature review would also be beneficial to portray the extent to which the regulatory environment for financial reporting of Australia supports the true fair view. Literature Review History As Well As Historical Purpose of the True Fair View (TFV) In the views of Nobes Parker (1991), the concept of TFV does not have any legal meaning and definition. But, it has legal opinions and judgments as well. Along with this, the authors further state that the true fair view is a conception that we all hold in common, and therefore, it is not a subject for debate to people. Moreover, the origin and history of the true fair view is still a matter of discussion. The main reason behind it is that, there is an absence of specific acts or laws those may portray the origin as well as history of the TFV concept in a clear way. On the other hand, according to the FRC (Financial Reporting Council), the true fair view originated from the legal opinions authoritative statements of the British Judges Lord Hoffmann and Dame Mary Arden. They put their opinions regarding the TFV concept in 1983 and 1984(Nobes Parker, 1991). As a consequence, it can be considered as an important accounting standard that plays a critical role to improve the accurac y of the financial and audit reports of the business organizations. In addition to this, Chambers Wolnize (1991) state that, the TFV concept was originated earlier in eighteenth century. According to the authors, the origin of the TFV concept is expected in the Companies acts of 1844 and 1856 as well. Along with this, the authors say that the true fair view was developed to measure actual valuation of assets. According to the TFV concept, business organizations were obliged to consider the up-to-date prices in order to estimate the correct value of the assets. Moreover, the occurrence of the TFV concept is related to the accuracy of the financial statements of the business organizations. The authors further state that, the concept of true fair view is also originated from the UK Joint Stock Companies Act, 1844. Under this act, the directors of the business associations are obliged to portray a true fair view in the financial statements, ledger books, and balance sheets of the companies(Chambers Wolnizer, 1991). So, the concept of TFV is a legal concept. It is followed by most of the business firms to demonstrate transparency as well as accurateness in the financial statements of the businesses. On the other hand, in the words of Deegan, Kent Lin (1994), the true fair view is an accounting standard. It is related to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). In UK, most of the companies has adopted and implement the true fair view to portray intelligibility, reliability, and exactness in their financial statements, and financial reporting as well. Along with this, under the Companies Act 2006, the financial directors of the business associations are require to make obvious true and fair view in their financial functions as well as auditing practices. They are legally bound to ensure that the financial reports of the businesses are competent to provide a true fair view in an effectual and a more comprehensive manner(Deegan, Kent, Lin, 1994). Moreover, the financial experts of the business firms are conscientious to make sure that the financial statements and audit reports of the businesses are compliant with the pre-determined accounting standards. In addition to this, according to the authors Caroline Ann (2008), the true fair view was invented in Great Britain in the year 1844. There are numerous historical purposes those brought the concept of TFV earlier in the eighteenth century. For case, the major purpose of the TFV concept is to fulfill the conditions of true fair in the financial reports and balance sheets of the companies. The authors further state that, the other purpose of TFV concept is to eradicate the errors and misstatements that may occur in the financial statements, ledger books, and audit reports of the businesses. Moreover, it aims to develop an effectual relationship between internal accounting and external accounting to understand all the major aspects related to accounting and finance in an accurate manner(Caroline Ann, 2008). On the whole, the historical purpose of TFV concept is to exemplify a true fair in the financial reports; and also to maintain accurateness, clearness, and trustworthiness in t he financial statements as well as balance sheets of the business organizations. In the same manner, Vladu, Mati Salas (2012) state that, the TFV concept is a vibrant concept that has authoritative judgments of the judges. It is a part of English law. The authors affirm that it initiated from the generally accepted accounting principles. The purpose of the TFV concept is to make certain that the financial reports as well as financial statements prepared by the business firms are able to fulfill all the requirements and conditions of the international accounting standards. Moreover, it aims to demonstrate a true fair view in the accounting practices, accounting functions, ledger books, finance audit report of the businesses (Vladu, Matis, Salas, 2012). In this way, the different opinions of the different authors make it a part of the Companies act. Moreover, to show transparency and accuracy in the financial auditing practices, financial reports, and financial statements cab be considered a major historical purpose of the TFV concept. Extent to Which the Australian Regulatory Supports the Concept of TFV Currently, the true fair view has been implemented by most of the nations. But, the adoption as well as implementation of the true fair view is still a major subject of contest in most of the nations. Business organizations do not so much focus on the concept of TFV. It is because of it does not have any official definitions as well as provisions in the constitution. But, the other fact is that, at present times, the TFV concept is accepted by most of the business organizations. They believe that it has legal opinions as well as judgments and; therefore it is a part of legislation(Walton, 1993). Along with this, the TFV is an integral part of the IFRS (International Financial Accounting Standards) and GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). In view of that, it has become an important accounting standard. So, the popularity of the true and fair view is increasing on the regular basis. On the other hand, in the words of Nobes Parker (1991), the true fair view is not a subject of discussion. It is a general term that is used by the people in their daily life regularly. In the context of Australia, the TFV concept can be considered a required accounting standard in order to improve the transparency and accuracy of the financial statements as well as balance sheets of the business corporations. Along with this, the Australian regulatory for financial reporting provides support to true fair view within nation. The main reason behind it is that the TFV concept came in subsistence with the continuation of the Victorian Companies Act 1890(Nobes Parker, 1991). Moreover, according to the FRC (Financial Reporting Council), the Australian business associations are compelled to depict true fair picture of the financial statements of the business associations. In addition to this, according to Deegan, Kent Lin (1994), recently, the recognition of the TFV concept is increasing in the Australian business corporations. The Australian regulatory is providing support to the true fair view; so they the corporations may fulfill their financial obligations in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, the Australian Securities Commission (ASC) affirms that the concept of TFV is a basic component of the Australian financial reporting as well as auditing. True fair view is a fundamental part of the Corporations Act. According to the Corporations Act (Section 297), the business corporations are obliged to build true fair financial statements; and to show accuracy in the financial statements of the businesses(Deegan, Kent, Lin, 1994). Moreover, as stated in the section 297, the Australian regulatory environment for financial reporting provides guidelines to business associations; so they may depict a true fair view in the financial and audit reports of the organizations. In the same manner, in the words of Kilgore, Leahy Mitchell (1999), the Australian regulatory environment for financial reporting is strict about the adoption and implementation of accounting standards in the accounting practices of the businesses. It focuses on the true fair view as accounting standard. According to the Australian regulatory environment, the TFV concept is an element of the IFRS and UK GAAP. As an accounting standard, the true fair view is competent to fulfill the criterion that is determined by the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) (Kilgore, Leahy, Mitchell, 1999). Along with this, the Australian regulatory distinguishes the TFV concept from three aspects. The first one is that it is an advanced accounting standard. The second is that the TFV concept performs in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the third one is that it is useful to predict inconsistent prospects that legislations of nations do not cover. In view of that, the TFV concept becomes a l egal concept in the eyes of business organizations. On the other hand, Nobes Parker (1991) state that, the Australian regulatory environment for financial reporting give support to the concept of TFV. According to the regulatory authority, the business organizations are legally obliged to show a true fair view in their financial reports to fulfill the general purposes related to the field of accounting. Along with this, the TFV concept is everlasting; and changes in the accounting framework do not influence the true fair in a negative manner. It is a key part of the IFRS as well as GAAP. In other words, it also can be said that, the TFV concept is very much similar to the accounting standards(Nobes Parker, 1991). Moreover, the Australian regulatory environment considered the TFV concept as a fundamental requirement of Australian corporate reporting. On the whole, the Australian business firms are obliged to show a true fair view about the financial performance as well as position of the businesses. The Australian regulatory envir onment is fully in the favor of the true fair view to improve the transparency as well as truthfulness in the financial statements and finance audit reports of the companies. Apart from this, in the views of Karan (2002), the true fair view is not a new concept for the Australian organizations. It has been in the companies legislation from the time when the Victorian Companies Act of 1890. This thing shows that the Australian regulatory is providing support to the concept of TFV since eighteenth century. Along with this, under the section 296, the Corporations Act 2001 makes the TFV concept mandatory for the business associations. The statutory provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 affirm that the TFV concept overrides the material errors as well as misstatements to improve the accuracy of the financial statements of the business organizations in an effectual and a significant manner(Karan, 2002). In view of that, it can be said that, the concept of TFV is a popular concept in the area of financial reporting. It plays a significant role to improve the efficiency of the financial statements and balance sheets of the businesses. As a consequence, the Aus tralian regulatory environment for financial reporting fully supports to the notion of TFV. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, the true fair view is originated in the eighteen century. The TFV concept does not have legal definition. But, it is popular in all over the world. Along with this, it is also observed that, the historical purpose of the TFV concept is to reduce errors and to improve the accuracy of the financial statements of the organizations. Moreover, it is similar to accounting standard. In view of that, the Australian regulatory environment for financial reporting is completely in the favor of the true fair view. Works Cited Caroline, J., Ann, S. (2008). A true and fair view: harmonization of the accounting. European Journal of Management , 8 (2). Chambers, R. J., Wolnizer, P. W. (1991). A true and fair view of position and results: the historical background. Accounting, Business Financial History , 1 (2), 197-214. Deegan, C., Kent, P., Lin, C. J. (1994). The True And Fair View: A Study Of Australian Auditors Application Of the Concept. Australian Accounting Review , 4 (7), 2-12. Karan, R. (2002). Irreconcilable Legal and Accounting Views of A True and Fair View: An Emerging Alternative from Australian Reforms. Journal of Law and Financial Management , 1 (1), 44-52. Kilgore, A., Leahy, S., Mitchell, G. (1999). The true and fair view concept: evidence from Australia . Asian Review of Accounting , 7 (1), 96-111. Nobes, C. W., Parker, R. H. (1991). True and Fair: a survey of UK financial directors. Journal of Business Finance Accounting , 18 (3), 359-375. Vladu, A. B., Matis, D., Salas, O. A. (2012). True and fair view and creative accounting conceptual delimitations based on Papineau's tree methodology. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica , 14 (1), 104. Walton, P. (1993). Introduction: the true and fair view in British accounting. European Accounting Review , 2 (1), 49-58.

All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Essay Example

All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Paper Smith 1 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 All Men are Created Equally: A Contradiction Over the centuries america has fabricated the cultural mythology that all men are created equally. For years america has enforced that all men are created equally when in fact the statement itself is a contradiction. Years ago certain people could not vote because of slavery, race, and also gender. Also America has social classes that have always been vivid in american culture. Finally this cliche holds very little currency in this nation now. Before and during the era of the civil war, slavery was a huge issue for many reasons. One of the biggest issues was that even though they were heman and on american soil; they were not allowed to vote. At this time in history slaves were not able to vote because they were considered â€Å"Property. † â€Å"Slaves were considered property, and they were property because they were black. (â€Å"PBS. org†)† How is property supposed to vote, right? Even though they were considered property, they were still human. If all men were created equally, as the constitution stated, then the slaves should of had the right to vote. Unfortunately they did not obtain this right until 94 years later. After slavery was abolished, there was still a problem. Certain people were not allowed to vote because of their race and gender. Again, all of these humans are supposed to be created equally, yet because of race and gender they are denied basic human rights. It would take another 94 years until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for any of these people to be able to vote. We will write a custom essay sample on All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So apparently all men are created equally unless they are a different gender or race. By living in america, you automatically become apart of a social class. America consists of four social classes: an upper class, working class, middle class, and finally a lower class. Smith 2 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 America should not even have social classes if all men are created equally. If all men are created equally, then everyone would be making the same amount of money, have the same education, and etc. This surely is not the case. Results from these three research methods suggest that in the united states today, approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the poor, lower class; 30 to 40 percent are in the working class; 40 to 50 percent are in the middle class; and 1 to 3 percent are in the rich upper class. (â€Å"CliffsNotes†)† There is a wide variety of different people in different social classes. This fact completely contradicts that all me n are created equally because clearly they are not if america divides itself into different social classes. This particular cliche holds very little currency in this nation today. It still has some value though; by this i mean anyone who is an actual citizen of the united states can vote. Other than that it holds no currency. This cliche still lingers around because it gives people a sense of satisfaction. It gives people satisfaction because they think that even though that person is richer than me, or is different from me in any way; we still have the same rights and same penalties. Therefore this phrase will stick around until people realize that it is a contradiction and cultural mythology; eventually they will become unsatisfied with it. America has fabricated that all men are created equally. As you read, you realized that the phrase itself is a cultural mythology and contradictory. There are countless other reasons why this cliche is contradictory. You now know that slavery, race, gender, and social class play a vital role in proving this. Works Cited Smith 3 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 . Conditions of Antebellum Slavery. PBS. org. PBS, 01 Aug 2012. Web. 12 Sep 2012. . . Types of Social Classes of People. CliffsNotes. CliffsNotes, n. d. Web. 12 Sep 2012. .

Take off

Take off Take off Take off By Maeve Maddox A reader asks about the phrase â€Å"take off†: I read a line that said take off Saturday, which I had always understood to be â€Å"to take Saturday off.† What do you think? â€Å"To take off† is a phrasal verb used with more than one meaning. When the sense is â€Å"to stay away from work,† the particle off may appear next to take or following the day mentioned as being taken off. For example: I felt wiped out, and I was dreading Sunday each week, so I decided to  take Saturday off  to have a very simple day to read and explore my purpose in life.   The new law entitles  workers  at factories, eateries, hotels, movie theaters and private hospitals to  take off Saturday  or Sunday.   â€Å"Take Saturday off† may be more common, but â€Å"take off Saturday† is not incorrect. Here are some other examples of take off used as a verb: Do you take your shoes off while on a plane? (remove) The video shows a UFO that appears behind a commercial airliner taking off from the airport. (leaving the ground to fly) Have you ever  watched  someones  career take off  and wondered Why isnt that me? (become successful)   Its not  like  her to just  take off like  that.  (leave suddenly without telling anyone) You’ve booked your trip, researched the must-see attractions, recharged your electronics, packed your bags - and now you’re ready to lock the door and take off on your big vacation. (leave, get started) Here are examples of the noun take-off: When you fly, at  take-off, there is a strange  feeling  in your body, not explicable, but strange.  (the moment an airplane lifts off the ground) There seems to be a lot of things going on during the crucial moment of take off, and to a good extent, setting up for a take off. (the moment a surfboard connects with a wave) Tomlin sings â€Å"I Got You Babe† with Scred the Muppet and does a take-off on scat singing with some of the cast members, dressed as Bees. (a parody of) Because the verb take off has so many meanings, its use can lead to ambiguity, especially in contexts intended for non-native speakers of English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsDoes "Mr" Take a Period?6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

Teaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teaching - Assignment Example Intuitive-Feeling SELF-EXPRESSIVE Sensing-Feeling INTERPERSONAL Prefers to Learn by: -Seeing tangible results -practicing what he has learned -following directions one step at a time -being active rather than passive -knowing exactly what is expected of her, how well the task must be done and why Studying about ideas and how things are related Planning and carrying out a project of his own making and interest Arguing or debating a point based on logical analysis Problem solving that requires collecting, organizing, and evaluating data Studying about things that directly affect people's lives rather tha impersonal facts and theories Receiving personal attention and encouragement from his teachers Being part of a team-collaborating with other students Activities that help her learn about herself and how she feels about things Being creative and using his imagination Planning and organizing her work in her own creative ways Working on a number of things at one time' Searching for alternative solutions to problems beyond those normally considered Discussing real problems and looking for real solutions Learns Best From: Drill demonstration Practice Hand-on experience Lectures Reading Logical discussions and debates Group experiences and projects Loving attention Personal expression and personal encounters Role playing Creative and artistic activities Open-ended discussions of personal and social values Activities that enlighten and enhance-myths, human achievement, dramas,etc. Likes Doing things that have immediate, practical use Being acknowledged for thoroughness and detail Praise for prompt and complete work Immediate feedback(rewards, priviledges,etc) Time to plan and organize her work Working independently or with other intuitive- Working with ideas and...To write down the steps of baking in order is one thing and to bake it is another thing. The scheme of work is challenging enough for those talented individuals or those in the Intuitive-feeling (self-expressive) and Sensing-Feeling (interpersonal) style of disposition. While for those gifted or those in the Sensing-Thinking (mastery) and Intuitive Thinker (understanding) style of disposition, this is too challenging. The scheme of work for the year 8 is more on practical works, rather than thinking. The talented individuals are being prioritized; the course offers them the expressions of their ideas, kinesthetically, while the gifted individual's abilities are not well exercised. There should be additional measuring criteria involving them in fair percentage and ratings. c) Having 12 visual, 9 kinesthetic, 3 auditory students, is a difficult thing to assess inside the classroom, this is where you need to give special attention to the following students, not only for the dominant number but those who are left aside. The visuals deal with the spatial intelligence and are in favor of the lesson, since they can see most of the time the process of how to bake.

Israeli palestinian conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israeli palestinian conflict - Term Paper Example The pace of development is rapid which is also challenging Americans. They have not been able to resolve many disputes including the Israel and Palestinian conflict. They do not know how to cope with it. Another stance by the American government is of changing loyalties that has created mistrust among the Middle Eastern countries. Various circumstances in the past reflect it. Other than helping the countries in promoting their local policy for peace, America uses force to maintain. This in return invites rebellion. The wars done by America especially in Afghanistan was very costly. It impacts not only their economy but also worldwide. The American public even does not align its interests with the government. They have a divided opinion and this creates it difficult for the government to decide. About the stature and view of America from the world, they expect it to act as a super power. Issues inside America as shutdown of federal posts and offices are alarming not only for Americans but also for the entire world. Such things are a blow to the prestige of the American policies for even their own people. The world economy in return is impacted by it. The allies of American have to rethink how much they can trust investing in businesses in America. If the military functions as it is while federal jobs are laid off, the people will open their eyes and realize where the budgeting is put in to. The policies set by the American government were deemed tobe ideal for a diplomatic country but the crises within America has led to hesitation from other countries in adopting such policies. Their newly introduced health care program is questionable as well. By allowing Russia to provide a middle line while dealing with Syria has made the world believe that American is not the only global decision maker but Russia also exists other than the super power. A survey was conducted on the views of America from around the world. The results indicate that Middle East and south Asia have the most negative views on America [1]. In this article I will focus on Israel and Palestine conflict. Key Issues: The key issues in the Israel-Palestinian conflict include Jerusalem as the main bone of contention. They both claim to own it. Both sides have a deep respect for it based on their religious beliefs. The conflict of this region is that Israelis are of the view that they should maintain their control over it. Palestinians believe that they should have the control over Jerusalem as they had on the part of it before 1967. Israel declaring the disputed region as its capital in its law is very disturbing for the Arab nations as it was acquired with wars and its ownership is not yet resolved. Both nations seem to have concerns over practicing religion in the areas governed by the other nation. There have been incidents in the past in which people have been banned from visiting their holy places and practicing their religion. The other issues between the two nations I of t he Palestinian refugees. They fled to save their lives in 1967. As a result they were not given any nationality. Even after 30 years of war, these people are forced to live in refugee camps. Many of them are now born outside Israel but they should have a right to return to their homeland. Israel refuses this right and declares that other Arab nations should give them nationalities that have acted as their host countries. They also deny expelling these people from

Violence in the Nursing Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Violence in the Nursing Workplace - Essay Example corporations; and numerous unions, communities, doctors and hospitals have joined (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2007). In providing the high quality health care the challenges are significant, particularly in the highly decentralized health care system in the United States. The cost and quality of care in the United States are frequently the two major issues of discussion. According to statistics, the United States is below the average for developed countries in health measures such as infant mortality (CDC, 2007), maternal death (Hilts, 1995), and life expectancy (WHO, 2000). On the other hand access to advanced medical treatments and technologies is greater than in most other developed nations. One of the major challenges faced by the health care sector is the shortage of nursing staff. Recent national statistics show the average age of nurses rising while the rate of those entering the profession has slowed over the past few years. The reason for the nursing shortage includes the average age of nurses is 45 years, the image of the profession, work environment issues especially the high stress situations and the faculty shortage. Health care organizations increasingly depend on staff nurses to meet patient and organizational outcomes. In most of the cases, to achieve these outcomes, staff nurses must be willing to assume additional roles while providing exceptional job performance. In other words, it is not the case with other jobs where work is just restricted to the individuals' interest to grow and perform. Besides organizational commitment has been connected to a variety of desired organizational outcomes and work behavior including decreased turn-over, patient satisfaction, and exceptional job performance. Today with the increasing pressure on the nursing staff, it is estimated that first-year retention rates for new graduate nurses is only between 40% and 65%. In terms of numbers as many as 6 out of 10 new nursing grads leave nursing practice within one year of graduation (Rosebrough, 2005). One of the main reasons for them to leave the profession is the workplace violence they experience particularly in the initial years of their practice. Workplace violence is one of the most complex and dangerous occupational hazards facing nurses. It is a common that nurses experiences violence from both patients as well as co-workers. The dangers arise from the exposure to violent individuals together with the absence of strong violence prevention programs and protective regulations. These factors combined with organizational realities such as staff shortages and increased work pressure creates substantial barriers to eliminating violence. Statistics point out that more than 1.6 million people worldwide lose their lives because of violence every year (World Health Organization, 2002) and as many as 72 per cent of nurses do not feel safe from assault at work (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2004). Health-care professionals are at the highest risk for being attacked at work, when compared to other professions such as prison guards, police officers, bank personnel or transport workers (Kingma, 2001). Workplace violence is a concept with ambiguous boundaries. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. Centers for

Private Sector Participation in Indias Defence Production

Private Sector Participation in Indias Defence Production Security of the state is of paramount importance since time immemorial, and a certain amount of military expenditure becomes a fundamental necessity irrespective of a point whether a nation is rich or poor. A nations strength revolved around maintaining steady un-hindered economic progress with the presence of mighty armies possessing proper stock of ordnance and armour to uphold the solidarity and sovereignty of that particular country. Accordingly, all over the world the rulers (including in India) had always dealt military and military associated equipments, policies, and personnel clandestinely and with great care. Scrutiny of the history reveals that, production of ordnance and armour was never pressed into the hands of private personnel. Even in India, the production/stocking of military equipment always had the element of secrecy and had always remained as a state-led organisation. Kautilyas Arthasastra emphasises, The Chief of Ordnance shall establish factories staffed with craftsmen for the manufacture of machines for attacking in battles(Verse 2.18.1). All equipments brought out into the armoury shall be stamped with the Kings seal and would be properly stocked(Verse 2.18.4).The Moghuls had canon factories under the control of Emperor called as TOP-KHAANAS with KHANSMAN or Lord Steward as an In-charge. Historian Robert Home recorded that, even Tipu Sultan took a keen interest in the production of firearms totally under the control of the state, and established at Seringapatam 11 armouries for making and finishing small arms; 4 large arsenals and 3 buildings housing machines for boring gun s. Post Independence-Neutral Attitude. In tune with the age old concept and belief of Defence Industry to be controlled only by State, the Planning Memorandum (PM) of 1945 and the Industrial Policy Resolution( IPR) of 1948 and 1956 placed the munitions , aircraft and ship building industries in the public sector under the control of the Central Government. There was a wide spread feeling that it was improper for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) to go in for collaboration with the private sector. Parliament did not permit any move in this direction. Secondly, in the area of defence production, profit making by private individuals in times of war and peace was considered undesirable. Post independence, Nehru commissioned PMS Blackett, a British physicist to prepare a report outlining the measures necessary for India to become near self sufficient in defence production. Though self reliance and self sufficiency were on the Blacketts report, there was a lukewarm attitude towards military requi rements due to the political philosophies of Indian National Congress and Nehrus strong postulated neutrality in the form of Non -Align Movement (NAM). Chinese Aggression. The real impetus for the military was only received in the aftermath of the 1962 Chinese aggression. The ordnance factories, which until then were being gainfully employed to produce coffee percolators and film projectors, were revitalised. At the same time, the geopolitical developments all over the world have critically affected developing countries like India. The need to maintain qualitatively better armed forces, and consequently equipment and infrastructure, has become the need of the hour. It was also evident that the nation will have to be progressively being more reliant on its own capabilities and build a credible defence industrial base to cater the needs of armed forces. Despite the will to contribute, the private sector at that juncture could not contribute much due to lack of expertise, infrastructure and opposition from Govt policies and was confined to play a subordinate role. The Yawning Gap. In the absence of worthwhile players in the private sector, massive investments by the government to raise infrastructure for defence RD in the sixties and seventies was a wise decision. However, due to the changing military environment, the needs of armed forces towards sophisticated ordnance and equipment were ever growing and could never be fulfilled by the inadequate indigenous production rendered by the public sector despite heavy investments. Therefore to fill the yawning gap of projected requirements of armed forces and available limited resources there come up an inevitable need for import of the necessary ordnance and equipments by spending Crores worth of foreign exchange. Foreign Exchange Spending. Indias spending on arms imports since 1999 Kargil conflict have risen to $ 25 billion and is likely to further rise beyond $ 30 billion by 2012. Indias import of defence articles as on today consists about 70% of the procurement in value terms from foreign sources because the Indian public sector cannot deliver in terms of quality or speed on either research or production of military stores. It would be astonishing to note that, India is currently the worlds biggest importer of arms worth 3% of GDP or $ 30 billion. This does not augur well for a country that seeks self reliance and aspires to be a global power. Change in Policies. Rising to the occasion, the govt has started to woo the private sector by announcing various policy changes, liberalisations for the active participation in the defence production, and thereby to reduce dependency on the other nations. These include 100% participation of the private sector in defence production with FDI to the extent of 26 % subject to licensing from the Dept of Industry Policy and Promotion (DIPP), funding research and development, as well as appropriate provisions in Defence Procurement Procedures (DPP) of 2005, 2006 and 2008 along with some amendments to DPP-2008 that came effective from 01 Nov 2009. AIM Aim of this paper is to analyse the role of private sector participation in the defence production in the light of growing needs of sophisticated ordnance and equipment by the armed forces vis-Ã  -vis the incapability of public sector to meet the challenges. PUBLIC SECTOR AND PRESENT STATUS Indian Ordnance Factories Organisation Formation. In order to meet the increased, simultaneous requirement of armaments and military equipment in the European and Eastern theatres of war and consequent British inability to ship the requisite quantities of arms and ammunition, a number of defence oriented industries were set up in India by the British. The rifle factory at Ishapore (oldest established in 1801), ammunition factory at Kirkee, shells and gun carriage factory at Jabalpur and saddler factory at Shajahanpur are a few in instance. Presently, there are 39 Ordnance Factories geographically distributed all over the country at 24 different locations and are running under the Department of Defence Production under Ministry of Defence. Role of Ordnance Factories. The organisation is primarily engaged in manufacture of Arms, Ammunitions, Equipment, Armoured Vehicles Personnel Carriers, Transport Vehicles, Clothing and General Stores items. After meeting the primary requirement of the Armed Forces, spare capacities are utilised for supply to non-defence sector and exports. The gross production of Ordnance factories during the year 2005-06 was Rs 8811.59 Crores. Total sales including issues to armed forces and other agencies and civil trade in the same year was Rs 6891.68 Crores. This constitutes approximately 40 percent of domestic supplies to the armed forces. Whereas, the contribution of OFB to IN in the year 2009-10 was a meagre one and half percent. The projected target was 11,000 Crores and delivered was only 6,000 Crores. Innate Challenges. The traditional challenges to the management of Ordnance Factories have been explained in the following sub paragraphs. However, the point to note is that the Ordnance Factories perceptibly have not done well except in the case of the last of these challenges, i.e. they have not been taking any net budgetary support from the government since 1999-2000:- (a) Significant reduction in the over head cost through reduction of excessive staff while at the same time retaining quality man power. (b) Speed up production to meet the expectations of the prime customers. (c) Faster absorption of imported new technologies either from abroad under license production or from the DRDO. (d) Reduced budgetary support from the Govt. Utter Fiasco. It is obvious that owing to the continuous monopoly they have enjoyed over a period of years as state pampered organisations they could not sustain in the race with foreign counter parts in producing sophisticated goods warranted by armed forces or at least in showcasing such capabilities. With the continuous dependency on DRDO, and total neglect of in-house R D facilities they miserably failed to deliver the desired goods in time. The Ordnance Factories are plagued with slackness due to lack of competition, multiple internal human resource problems. A brief note on DRDO is worth mentioning in this back drop to appreciate the close link between these two mutually failed organisations. DRDO Organisation Formation of DRDO Organisation. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was formed in 1958 and since then, DRDO has risen from a few laboratories to a large organisation with fifty one well-established laboratories spread throughout the country. The DRDO is engaged in pursuit of state of the art technologies so as to achieve progressive self-reliance in defence weapons and equipment. Every year about 200 plus scientists join the DRDO. The workforce of the DRDO is over 25,000 personnel with 6750 scientists in its Defence Research Development Service (DRDS) cadre. Achievements of DRDO Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. The most significant breakthrough in the field of high technology that DRDO can boast off is the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme(IGMDP). Government of India approved the IGMDP in 1983-84 with the aim of producing a wide range of guided missiles. Supersonic anti-ship cruise missile BRAHMOS is yet another (although it is a joint venture with Russia) success story. Besides these, achievements in other fields they claim are Main Battle Tank Arjun , Advanced Light Helicopter, Pilot less target aircraft, radar systems like the INDRA I and II, special steels, packed foods, snow clothing, vehicles, bridge layers, naval sonars and EW consoles to name a few. Failure of DRDO Gp Capt A G Bewoor anguishes in his article as, whenever the armed forces want a weapon system, the DRDO invariably says they can make it, and they have an unassailable record of never delivering. Ultimately, we import that same equipment at ten times the cost. Stories of such perfidy are too many to enumerate. Every indigenisation project of DRDO/OFB is much behind the schedule with success stories limited to few technology demonstrators. The classic examples of our R D failures are the Arjun tank, INSAS rifles, Saras, Kaveri, Akaash, Nag , Indra Radar and so many . Absence of Perspective Plan. The lackadaisical attitude of Ordnance Factories left indelible blemishes on the public sector technological front despite being the largest employer of man power, and pushed it towards incompetence and organisational failure. In the absence of any road map of their future perspective, they even cannot provide any assurance that they can meet the projected needs of armed forces and thus fail to generate any further faith of the user. Another noteworthy feature is while the defence public sector under takings outsource to the extent of 30 percent, this figure is about 80 percent in the case of ordnance factories. Thus, it was evident that, the ordnance factories in turn are dependent on private sector and the role of private sector cannot be under estimated though for the time being they are restricted to a secondary role. DPSUs AND PRESENT STATUS The countrys defence industrial capacity was concentrated in another class of enterprise, the Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) besides Ordnance Factories. The DPSUs are organised under the Department of Defence production within the Ministry of Defence. With increased production of armaments during the 1960-70s the number of DPSUs had grown to nine by the 1980s. This was reduced to eight in 1986 by the transfer of Praga Machine Tools limited to the Ministry of Industry. The DPSUs involves themselves in the manufacture of modern sophisticated weapon systems, in advanced electronics, and in the production of exotic metal alloys for aerospace projects. The eight DPSUs are M/s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, M/s Bharat Electronics Limited , M/s Bharat Earth Movers Limited, M/s Mazagon Dock Limited, M/s Goa Shipyard Limited, M/s Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited , M/s Bharat Dynamics Limited and M/s Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited. DPSU Summary. The DPSUs have been developing a wide variety of weapon systems and equipment under licence production. This large industrial effort should, in theory, provide the means to produce maintain and repair significant portions of the Indias military equipment, providing leverage against dependency on foreign supply and the means to ensure sustained military operations. However, as brought out by Baidya Bikasha Basu, there has been a little or no attempt in this direction. OFs/DPSUs and the private sector should involve themselves in experimentation and developing defence equipment in totality of defence requirements. In this venture, where collaboration and cooperation lead to innovation or failures, the OFs / DPSUs should be prepared to accept both. Emerging challenges offer opportunities to look at change. The defence industry by virtue of its technological edge and security applications is a crucial strategic industry. National governments in the west have long recognised this linkage and continue to evolve policies that both support the industry and retain its competitiveness. In contrast, the Indian government, while treating all defence PSUs as security related, has done precious little to prepare these vital industries to meet global challenges. India therefore, frequently falls prey to the games that developed nations play. Realising the damage , Govt has woken up and started reforms by promulgating various liberalisations and policies to encourage the private sector thereby to curtail the dependency on foreign resources. GOVT POLICIES Defence Offset Policy Defence Procurement Procedure 2005. Inclusions of provisions related to off sets in DPP 2005 was only a modest beginning. Except for specifying the contract threshold of Rs 300 Crore and prescribing an offset limit of 30 percent of the contract, there was not too much of elaboration on the modalities and other conditinalities for discharging the offset obligations. The procedure was vague with regards to inclusion of private sector industry for discharging offset obligations. Although symbolically a good beginning was made through the inclusion of an offset policy in the DPP 2005, it remained as a non-starter primarily owing to lack of clarity. Defence Procurement Procedure 2006. In 2006 the scope of the policy was clearly defined and the areas for discharging the offset obligations were clearly enunciated. The defence offsets were mandatory for all capital acquisitions under the category of buy (outright purchase), buy and make (purchase from a foreign vendor followed by licensed production), where ever the cost of acquisition in the RFP exceeds Rs 300 Crore (about $ 70 million). The minimum requirement of offsets at 30 percent under the buy category and a minimum of 30 percent of foreign exchange component under the buy and make category was prescribed. In terms of areas for discharge of offset obligations, the policy was specific namely:- (a) Direct purchase of, or executing export orders for defence products and components manufactured by, or services ordered by the Indian Defence Industries. (b) FDI in Indian Defence Industries, and (c) FDI in Indian Organisations engaged in defence. Defence Offset Facilitation Agency (DOFA). The most important feature of the 2006 policy was in terms of creation of an organisational structure for implementation of Offsets viz, Defence Offset Facilitation Agency (DOFA). Defence Procurement Procedure 2008. The Defence Offset Policy 2008 came into effect on Sep 01, 2008. Based on the inputs from all quarters the provisions related to banking of offset credits were incorporated, the licensing requirement from MoD for the manufacture of defence products was done away with. Instead, adherence to the procedure stipulated for the defence industrial licensing requirement as mandated by the Dept of Industry Policy and Promotion ( DIPP) , procedure of Min of Industry is now required to complied with. However, the revised procedure of 2008 remains silent on the issue of multipliers. Besides this, a new clause has been included (as an aftermath of 26/11 incident) that, the provisions will not be made applicable to the procurements made under the Fast Track Procedure (FTP) in all probabilities to obviate the delays involved in entering into execution of offset contracts. Draw Backs of Defence Offset Policy Lack of Universally Accepted Definitions. In its current form the offset procedure is limited to direct offsets. However, the direct offset procedures are not exactly in sync with the internationally practised definition of direct offsets. Therefore, adoption of universally accepted or acknowledged definitions for clarity of thought among all the stake holders is the need of the hour. Banking Offset Credits. Provisions on banking of offset credits facilitate the vendor to commence business operations in the buyer country without waiting for the award of a procurement contract. However, due to rigidity of the provisions in the policy, if a vendor is able to create more offsets than his obligations under a particular contact, the suppliers credit can be banked and would remain valid only for a period of two years after conclusion of the contract, and due to this the efforts put in by the vendor goes in vain and acts a disincentive. Offset multipliers. There is no mention of Offset Multipliers in 2008. Although DPP 2006 states that, the availability of giving additional weights to offset having multiplier effects in terms of exports generated or building indigenous capability in strategic technology products, or other issues may be considered after reviewing the experience of implementing the above policy. It would therefore be appropriate to accord a higher multiplier factor for a developing country like India, purring the core objective of defence industrial base through defence offsets. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION PRESENT STATUS The extent of private sector involvement vis-Ã  -vis the defence outlay has been comparatively limited this far. On the other hand, the private sector often looks at short-term investment and returns, which inhibit strategic investments. The inability to export is another constraint; since the quantities required may often be restricted, there have to be concerted efforts to promote exports, within the bounds of national security.The contribution of the private sector to the Indian defence industry has always been significant albeit in a piece meal basis. The major defence related initiatives and achievements of the private sector companies are enumerated in the following sub -paragraphs:- (a) Tata Group. The Tata group is supplying full systems for DRDO-developed Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher, building a launch vehicle for Akash missile system and a major participant in an electronic warfare programme. Tata Motors has developed an indigenous light specialist vehicle (LSV) that is currently being tested by the Indian Army. Tatas emergence as a major force bodes well for the Indian defence industry, which is otherwise characterised by monopolistic enterprises and high import-dependency. Its presence in the industry will also enhance Indias self-reliance in defence production . (b) Larsen Toubro (LT). Licences have been given to LT, one of Indias largest engineering and construction companies, to build warships, submarines, weapon platforms (offshore, floating and submerged), high speed boats, radar, sonar, electronic warfare equipment, armoured and combat vehicles including associated systems and sub-systems such as turrets and bridge-layers. The Boeing Company has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) for joint exploration of business opportunities in the Indian defence sector. (c) Mahindra Mahindra (MM). Mahindra Mahindra has set up the Mahindra Defence Systems. The Mahindra Striker, a light weight combat vehicle, is considered ideal for armed reconnaissance and mounted patrols. Mahindra Defence Systems recently unveiled their Light Specialist Vehicle Axe, the all-terrain vehicle, which can accommodate six/nine soldiers. They are venturing in to developing various under water delivery systems . (d) Ashok Leyland. Truck-maker Ashok Leyland started out with supplies of Hippo, the popular heavy trucks for a general service role way back in the seventies. Since then, the company has produced field artillery tractors, high mobility vehicles, light recovery vehicles and water carriers. (e) Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. It specialises in ship engines and has been participating in many programmes with the Indian Navy. (f) Godrej Aerospace. Godrej Aerospace, a company under Godrej Boyce provides a critical application for the Agni missiles. It has also contributed to the production of hardware and sub-systems for Indias cryogenic engine programme. The company is also actively involved in habitability solutions for naval warships. Indigenisation Towards Self Reliance. As the Defence Secretary stated, The Indian Defence Industry in the private sector is now gradually assuming the role of system integrator and manufacturer of complete defence equipment and systems. Indigenisation in defence production is now one of the major thrust areas of the Government. Consequently, our efforts are now directed towards reduction of defence imports and promoting indigenisation in defence production sector with the active support of the Indian Defence Industry, both in the public as well as in the private sector . The issue of indigenisation is a double edged weapon. On the one hand there can be little debate that this is indeed the way ahead; but the factor of cost disadvantages in indigenous production and the rate of absorption of modern technology are indeed despairing factors. This policy needs to be dovetailed with a larger training component in the induction package and as far as possible a Transfer of Technology (TOT) option. Transfer of Technology (ToT). The ToT as part of offsets has been deliberately let off of the purview of the offset policy. As a distinguished Scientist of DRDO puts in Critical defence technologies are either denied or controlled through various control regimes. These are never offered and therefore can never be obtained through the RFP route even if the country is prepared to pay. Therefore, often it is not possible to get the technology through contracts and leveraging our purchase power though offset policy proves to be only sure way for acquisition of denied technology. Steps Galore. Various steps have been taken in this direction. The recent introduction of buy and Make (Indian) category in the defence acquisition process has been designed to enhance participation by the Indian industry, meeting requirements for state of the art defence systems and platforms by getting into tie ups with technology providers through mechanism of technology transfers in joint ventures. In capital acquisition cases categorised as Buy and Make (Indian), the RFP will be issued to those Indian industries that have requisite financial and technical capabilities to enter into Joint Ventures, as also absorb technology and undertake indigenous manufacture. The procedure to be followed in this regard will be akin to the existing Make procedure with a difference that the production and development by the Indian industry will be through Transfer of Technology and not through Research and Development. Indigenisation Plan. The Navy had prepared a 15-year indigenisation plan that was well received by the industry. A Science and Technology roadmap has been drawn up for the Navy that identifies the end-product capabilities that needs to be built over the next 20 years. This roadmap gives a clear picture of technologies and products that are foreseen for induction and will further help define what can be taken up by civil industry. Possible Key Areas for Participation of Private Sector. Areas where the private sector can participate and where indigenisation is feasible are indicated in Appendix A. Mr Gurpal Singh, Deputy Director General, CII, stated that, CII wish to accelerate the reform process in the defence sector. He said that the effective implementation of the defence offset policy can facilitate the absorption and indigenisation of foreign aeronautic technologies that accrue to the country by way of offset deals. It would be appropriate here to discuss the role played by the Confederation of Indian Industries in realising this feat by the private sector. Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Role of CII. The Confederation of Indian industries (CII) has played a significant role in trying to build up a partnership between the Industry and Defence. The CII have been the pioneers in organising interactive sessions between the defence forces and the industries and conducting several events like the NIP (Navy Industry Partnership meet), DEFCOM(Defence Communication Seminar), Defence IT Conventions and The Defexpo India (Asias largest land and Naval Systems) exhibitions. It had formed the Defence Division in 1993 to catalyse change in the Defence sector by pursuing the Government to liberalise Defence Production and by initiating the process of partnering with the Defence establishments in organising interactive meetings with the end users, i.e. the Armed Forces. The objective of this division is to Establish a strong partnership between Defence Services and Industry and enlarge the role and scope of Indian industry in defence production for mutual benefit and enhance the National Security. Activities of the CII. Activities of the CII National Committee on Defence are divided under the following major heads: (a) Defence Industrial Policy and Procurement Procedures (b) Trade Promotion (c) International Linkages for Joint Ventures, Technology Tie-Ups and (d) Export (e) Advocacy / Consulting / Training Services ROAD MAP Can the Indian Industry Deliver? Indian private industry should move from fringes to mainstream, observes Air Chief Marshall, PV Naik, Chief of Air Staff while speaking at the brochure release ceremony of the 5th International Conference on Energising Indian Aerospace: Achievements and Future Strategies, organised by the CII. He further said that Indian Air Force has been recommending private sectors participation in defence industrial base and indigenisation. However, the progress has been a restrained one. Private sector entrepreneurship and innovation can help augmentation of RD base and creation of system integration capabilities. In fact, the country will enjoy two advantages by permitting greater civilian industrial sectors participation in defence production. First, on account of its complimentary character with state units, defence production will become more efficient and second the contribution of R D more tangible. Gearing Up for Challenges. The Indian Industry today is ready to assume such greater responsibility in making the country self-sufficient in defence production. As stated by the Defence Secretary India is a growing market and emerging as a strong economy. With the projected growth of the Indian economy, its defence needs are also correspondingly growing. India, therefore, offers excellent opportunities, both for domestic as well as foreign companies, to forge new alliances and partnerships in the form of joint venture, co-production and co-development arrangements in the Defence sector. Identification of Specific Thrust Areas. To move ahead, there is a clear need for dedicated groups comprising representatives from the Services, Department of Defence Production, DRDO and the Private Sector to address specific thrust areas identified by each of the Services. These groups would be better able to define requirements, identify the model and extent of participation of the private sector, and work out the methodology for meshing in with current acquisition procedures and processes. Publishing the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap, covering a period of 15 years, to share the future needs of our armed forces as brought out by the Defence Minister could be a right move. Kelkar Committee Raksha Udyog Ratnas. The Vijay kelkar Comittee recommended to nominate a dozen Indian private sector companies as Rakhsa Udyog Ratna (RUR)s with a status equivalent to that of the defence PSUs when it comes to bidding for major defence contracts. The RUR Policy is an encouraging step in the right direction. Once the government identifies those Indian companies to be treated as RURs, the private sector would get a further push towards establishing itself as a viable alternate to defence units in the sphere. RURs will not only bring parity with State industries in terms of treatment, getting R D support, forging partnership with others but with their expertise and resources they can take India towards self -reliance. RECOMMENDATIONS To ensure that the country maintains a credible defence capability, there is an urgent need for the government to step in and reform the existing administrative set-up and also to put in place a defence spending apparatus to ensure optimum utilisation of funds and long term perspective planning for both procurement and production. Very often the ills of defence procurement and production point towards red tapeism and the MoD. The IN Maritime Strategy clearly states, We must sustain our futuristic initiatives and harness the available capability, infrastructure and resources, including intellectual capital, to the fullest extent to develop a vibrant and proactive Defence Industry. A strong and healthy partnership between the public and private sectors alone will enable India to sustain a powerful defence industrial base for the future, setting us firmly on the path of self-reliance. Efforts to create synergy between private and public-owned industry, would be based upon the exploitation of core competence of each sector. Keeping in view these dogmas recommendations are made in the subsequent paragraphs for the effective participation of private sector in the defence industry. Need for Collaborative Approach. In the words of Def Secretary, We are also looking for collaborations in the field of Defence RD and tie-ups in critical technology areas in order to meet the requirements of the Armed Forces through indigenous sources to the extent possible. Joint Ventures. The exponentially expanding Indias defence industry base needs joint ventures to sustain the phase and to carve a niche, and to claim a spot in the global arena of armament/defence production. Conducting Awareness Campaigns. More Seminars, Work Shops, Def Expos be conducted on a regular basis for more interaction between the user ( armed forces) and the producer ( private industry)to bring significant awareness amongst each other and for better appreciation of each others needs. Amendments to Defence Offset Policy. Necessary amendments regarding the introduction of multipliers and endorsing accountabili

September 11: An American Victory :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

September 11: An American Victory The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and Washington DC has been described as an act of war and a tremendous defeat for the United States, a defeat that must not be allowed to be repeated and a loss that must be avenged. Personally, I don't like the use of the phrase "Act of War". Wars are something that happen between states. Wars end when one side surrenders. If we treat this as a literal war, what will be the victory conditions? Who will surrender? How will we know that the war is over? Whose suit for peace will be listened to? But, for the sake of discussion, let us ignore these concerns, let us concede for the nonce that the language of war is appropriate. Let us put aside the questions of who exactly the enemy is. We know, at least, who 19 of the other side's foot soldiers were. We know, more or less what happened. I'm willing to set these questions aside because I have become angry, angry about how we ourselves are viewing the outcome of this attack, and how we are letting the world view it. I am angry about how we are viewing the acts of heroes, and how we are view ourselves as a nation. Let me state this quite clearly...   The United States did not lose the Battle of September 11, 2001. Claiming that we did diminishes the heroism that Americans showed. It underestimates American strength and it misses some very important points about the American character. There were four phases of the battle, four attacks. The first two took us completely by surprise, and can easily be viewed as a two pronged attack. Two transcontinental planes flying from Boston were turned into bombs and used to destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Because they had the element of surprise the enemy's first thrust was extremely effective. The battle started very badly for us. The third phase occurred in Washington DC. The enemy hijacked a third commercial airliner. This time, however, US intelligence and technology began to come into play. At least one passenger was able to contact the Justice Department, inform them of what was happening and ask what instructions should be passed to the pilot. I'm speaking here, of course, of Barbara Olson's phone call to the Solicitor General, her husband Ted.

Effects of illiteracy on society Essay

Recent studies show that there is an increasing rate of illiteracy all over the world. A study conducted by WSI (World Statistics Institute) shows that over 27% of people are illiterate globally. Another study by the same institute shows that the speed at which the illiteracy rate ascends is 32% [32% of what?]. These rates are quite important, as illiteracy has terrible effects on society. The most important effect of illiteracy on society is that it works as an inhibitor. That is to say, the more illiterate people there are in a country, the harder it will be for the country to develop. This fact could be clarified with an example: America (whose illiteracy rate is below 5%) and Canada (illiteracy rate: around 8%) are developed countries, whereas countries like Turkey and Iran (illiteracy rates: 61% and 43% in order [respectively]) are undeveloped countries. Illiteracy has got a kind of â€Å"genetic† effect. The children of illiterate people are more likely to be illiterate than those who aren’t [aren’t what? – rewrite this sentence to make it clear]. Even if the parents don’t want their children to be illiterate, their children, observing the parents, see that they somehow manage to live and adopt the idea that illiteracy isn’t actually a bad thing [not very clearly expressed – try a rewrite]. And since people develop most of their character during childhood, they choose to go with illiteracy. Another major effect of illiteracy is that illiterate people believe in the said things easily. They do not investigate what was said or told to them. When looked [looking] at the pages of history, it can be seen that while most†¦ [continues] Prev Page Next Page Search

Free Essays on Global Wind Patterens

Wind Power â€Å"They’re farming a different crop in Wyoming County these days- the wind. Atop a hill in this little town – population 729 – are 10 windmills that are expected to produce enough electricity each year to provide power for 1,700 homes. It’s not hard to see what this piece of the future looks like.† (Ploetz, A1) Wind power was developed as a major alternative energy source during the 1970’s. The interest in finding alternative energy sources has grown tremendously as people are beginning to realize that they are depleting the Earth of irreplaceable natural resources. The technology is now the fastest-growing energy source in the world. The wind turbine, also called a windmill, is a means of harnessing the kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical energy. This is accomplished by turning blades called aerofoils, which drive a shaft, which drive a motor (turbine) and are connected to a generator. This energy is then supplied to a multitude of homes, businesses, factories, etc. The worldwide total wind capacity is 13,400 MW and the year 2000 is expected to significantly increase this amount, according to the trend in recent records of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). Wind generating capacity has grown from 2,000 MW in 1990 to the present capacity of more than 3,600 MW. It is predicted that worldwide energy supply may consist of 10% wind power by 2020, with Europe alone producing more than 100,000 MW. â€Å"Global investment in wind turbines should surpass $200 billion by 2010 as part of a rapid growth in investment in renewable energy sources worldwide,† according to Michael Kujawa, senior Allied Business Intelligence Incorporated (Chambers, 14-16) Presently, Europe is far more advanced than the U.S. in its development and implementation of wind power. However, NASA is using the largest, most expensive wind tunnel yet created to test a huge, high-tech wind tur... Free Essays on Global Wind Patterens Free Essays on Global Wind Patterens Wind Power â€Å"They’re farming a different crop in Wyoming County these days- the wind. Atop a hill in this little town – population 729 – are 10 windmills that are expected to produce enough electricity each year to provide power for 1,700 homes. It’s not hard to see what this piece of the future looks like.† (Ploetz, A1) Wind power was developed as a major alternative energy source during the 1970’s. The interest in finding alternative energy sources has grown tremendously as people are beginning to realize that they are depleting the Earth of irreplaceable natural resources. The technology is now the fastest-growing energy source in the world. The wind turbine, also called a windmill, is a means of harnessing the kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical energy. This is accomplished by turning blades called aerofoils, which drive a shaft, which drive a motor (turbine) and are connected to a generator. This energy is then supplied to a multitude of homes, businesses, factories, etc. The worldwide total wind capacity is 13,400 MW and the year 2000 is expected to significantly increase this amount, according to the trend in recent records of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). Wind generating capacity has grown from 2,000 MW in 1990 to the present capacity of more than 3,600 MW. It is predicted that worldwide energy supply may consist of 10% wind power by 2020, with Europe alone producing more than 100,000 MW. â€Å"Global investment in wind turbines should surpass $200 billion by 2010 as part of a rapid growth in investment in renewable energy sources worldwide,† according to Michael Kujawa, senior Allied Business Intelligence Incorporated (Chambers, 14-16) Presently, Europe is far more advanced than the U.S. in its development and implementation of wind power. However, NASA is using the largest, most expensive wind tunnel yet created to test a huge, high-tech wind tur...

Judith Wright essays

Judith Wright essays Judith Wright is commonly regarded as Australia's greatest twentieth century female poet. She was born on her father's station property at Wallamumbi in New South Wales in 1915 and even attended the University of Sydney, where she graduated with a BA in 1936. Between then and the outbreak of the Second World War she was in various secretarial jobs all while continuing to write. However, it wasnt until her return to Wallamumbi that brought home to her the unbelievable power of the Australian landscape. Wrights work shows that she takes a special interest in the resilience of the human spirit, the ability of people to continue to live their lives in the face of adversity and misfortune. However, what is remarkable to note is Wrights concern and feelings for the plight both of the Aborigines and of the Australian environment. In all of Wrights work there is evidence of a deep love of the land these people live in and is able to incorporate a constant imagery to relay her emotions. In Wrights poem, Request to a Year, the reader gets a first hand look into the fascination that she possesses about the resilience of human nature. In this poem, one finds that there is a mother sitting on a high rock sketching out the landscape that appears massive, quiet and dispassionate. Below her the scene shifts to her son who is struggling to survive as he balances on an ice floe that is approaching a waterfall. Yet, the mother does nothing and continues to sketch. Finally he is eventually saved by the mothers daughter who, stretching out an alpenstock (walking stick), pulls him to safety. What is most striking about this scenario is the firmness of the mother, who, unable to do anything to help her son, remains on the rock and sketches the event. She is as immobile as the rock itself. Its almost hard to swallow because it doesnt seem right that a mother would watch as one of her ...

Prostate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Prostate - Essay Example The rectal assessment discloses an expanded prostate with an irregular shape, tenderness, and bogginess. Clinical presentation is used to diagnose acute prostatitis. Urine analysis and culture is used to test for uropathogens. Patients suffering from acute prostatitis and possess other risk elements such as chronic renal failure, and diabetes are more at risk for prostatic abscess (Resnick & Thompson, 2000). Treatment in acute prostatitis includes antimicrobial treatment combined with drainage through the urethra by transurethral resection of the prostate, through the rectum by aspiration and perineaum by aspiration (Shoskes, 2008). I agree that Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an illness where there is unusual expanding of the prostate gland. The risk elements in this condition include dietary aspects, alcohol, metabolic syndrome, sexual activity, age and presence of flowing androgens (Bachmann & Rosette, 2012). The signs and symptoms consist of incomplete voiding, straining to void, frequent urination, nocturia, problem in beginning urine stream and dribbling. According to the American Urological Association, the diagnosis includes a blood test, bladder test, measuring post-void residual volume, cystoscopy, ultrasound and urodynamic pressure (Urology Care Foundation, Inc. 2014). Treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy includes ÃŽ ±1adrenoceptor antagonists for signs related to obstruction of the lower urinary tract. In this particular case, the doxazosin is most suitable (Kirby, McConnell, Fitzpatrick, Roehrborn, Wyllie & Boyle, 2005). The other drugs that are appropriate are 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, com bination medications, alpha blockers and phosphodiesteras-5 inhibitors (NIH Publication, 2014). I agree that Prostate cancer is the most killer disease in men. The risk aspects comprise of environmental and genetic factors. Some risk factors cannot be managed for example family history of prostate

Mid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mid - Essay Example Petrarch is known as the â€Å"Father of Humanism† because he was the one who theorized that â€Å"language was the key to learning and a window to the human soul† (Woods). In short, he was the one who first realized the interplay between language and the human being. For Petrarch, if only the human being can use language effectively, we can know ourselves and the world better and we can serve others better as well. Petrarch was also the first to theorize on the need to know the theoretical and practical purpose of human life in order that one may live well and happily (Woods). Petrarch, however, endured the Black Death because a woman whom he had met in his youth, Laura de Noves, died of Black Death, and of whom Petrarch could only write, â€Å"her soul, as I believe, returned to heaven, whence it came† (Petrarch on the Plague). Women were excluded from the history of our culture because â€Å"our tradition tells us†¦that philosophy itself [including history], and its norms of reason and objectivity, exclude everything that is feminine or associated with women† (Witt). Moreover, society is simply biased against women as it promoted the â€Å"negative characterization† of women or anything pertaining to the feminine aspect (Witt). Our culture and cultural heritage therefore have been not only biased against women and once did not recognize many of the rights that they freely exercise now. The passage actually comes from William Shakespeare’s play As You Like It, Act 2, scene 1, 12-17. This means that the speaker is sick and tired of the pretense that he experiences from the world around him. He seems to have been forced to adopt this insincerity ever since and that everytime he adopts this worldview, he suffers â€Å"adversity† in his life. However, without this adversity, he would not have realized the good thing that such adversity would bring him – the â€Å"precious

Back to the Basics in the United States Military Essay

Back to the Basics in the United States Military - Essay Example We have not had time to focus on these topics as the stress and vital importance of war time action has directed our focus elsewhere. Accordingly, things such as daily uniform inspections, barracks inspections, drill and ceremonies, proper counseling, and many similar items have, at least to a certain extent, been disregarded in favor of more pressing needs and goals. However, these performance duties are referred to as â€Å"the basics† for a reason; as such, it is our duty to get back to them. Because of the lack of focus on these points over the past few years, our junior NCOs and Soldiers are suffering and we as senior NCOs are responsible for correcting these deficiencies. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of sitting down with junior NCOs and showing them the proper ways to lead soldiers. Perhaps one reason for the current lack of concern is the fact that many NCOs appear to be only interested in promotion. This fact coupled with the self interested notions of m aking more money has taken away from the prime directive of leading and protecting the soldiers under ones supervision. This lack of concern is illustrated in the fact that few SGTs really know where to take their Soldiers if they have pay issues, family issues, budget issues, etc.? There are many who would have no idea. This results from several reasons, not the least of which is the fact that as soon as the promotion board is complete, these soldiers often do a brain dump and purge their minds of all the information they accrued while studying for the board. Obviously, this should not be happening; soldiers must remember what they learned from studying and be able to take knowledgeable care of the soldiers under their charge. In order to get back to these basics, there are several steps that must first be implemented. First, we must recognize that the Soldiers standing in our

Case Coca-Cola Essay Example for Free

Case Coca-Cola Essay Introduction Coca-Cola is one of the most respected companies in America. Here in the Philippines, Coca-Cola is still the patronized brand of soda. Coca Cola’s refreshing taste provides happiness to the people. Coca-Cola Neville Isdell is the new chief executive after Robert C. Goizueta died. Coca-Cola Company has a sole product line to offer in the market which is the carbonated soda like Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Coke operations take place in India, China, and other 14 country around the world to reach the target market in dispersed area and to increase their market share. Through the effort of Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola rapidly grows in the year 1980’s to 1990’s when they introduce the product in the market. Coca Cola bottling operations was given to Cola-Cola Enterprises Inc. which Coca Cola Co. owns 49% of the stocks that allows them have enough control on the operations. Coke has a control on the pricing of the products and the decision on how many vending machines Coca-Cola Enterprises will purchase that will be used in distributing the coke products. Coke rival competitor in the market is the Pepsi Co. which grabs all the opportunities for the company to widen their product line which are interrelated. The goal of PepsiCo is to capture the area where there is strong possibility that they will grow. PepsiCo outlays Coca-Cola in expanding their product line by acquisition and mergers. Background of the problem Statement of the problem †¢What strategy can Coca-Cola use to cope up to the changing environment to become a market driven organization? Analysis of the problem Coca-Cola basically does not adapt changes in the market. They are ignoring the fact that their product is not in trend today. The members of the top management are still thinking in the past and try to strengthen the company by using the tactic that the former CEO Robert Goizueta used long ago. By doing this the company will be customer focus Alternative courses of action †¢Coca-Cola’s top management must initiate the transformation of the company to become a market driven organization. He must influence his subordinates by serving as a role model so that the frontline employees will be encourage to exert more effort in providing satisfaction or delight to customers. †¢Coca-Cola must implement innovation to their products that would fit the customer demand. They can also produce a new line of beverages that are healthy like milk and tea which will be offered to those people who are health conscious and are old citizens of the country. †¢Coca-Cola must acquire or enter in a merge with a beverage business other than soda. By this they can widen their product line and they can have other source of income other than carbonated soda that the demands start to decline. This is cause by the health conscious individuals and the product is perceive as bad to the human body because it can cause acidity if there is too much consumption. â₠¬ ¢Status-quo Recommendation Learning †¢Company must be market oriented, customer focus and possesses competitor intelligence. These factors are very important in providing customer satisfaction or delight. Customer is the one you would think in running your business because without them your business and your concept is useless. †¢Company should be dynamic and are not afraid to adapt to the new trends today. Everything is dynamic or changing, so the company should also be flexible enough to survive in the market in the long run. †¢Top management must be open-minded in the changes in the market to avoid the growth of a business or organization. Once the top management are stock in the traditional mindset and don’t permit change the company will never grow because today nothing is permanent.

How do I keep my own biases and my own history from allowing me to und

I have a jumbled mess of information to process. I believe that being African America, Black, or of African descent, whichever is currently more acceptable that I have a plethora of bias pointed in my direction. Being a female doesn’t help alleviate the dilemma. Growing up in what is considered a textbook black family stereotype I am the last of six children, my mother having had children by different men, the home being on public assistance, growing up in a single parent household and church every Sunday. With a deceased father at the age of seven I became one of the 49% according to familyfacts.org that grew up in a single family household lead by a mother only. I felt different then as I do now in the way I think and process information from a vast majority of people I am related to and whom I have encountered. Not many of my views and opinions have a foundation based on my upbringing. I have no strong views in either direction of conservatism or liberalism and no ties to r eligion. Some may say I am a page ready to be written on while others may say I am damned. Therefore I do carry bias opinions that overall do not fit neatly in any key hole. I find with much thought that I do hold bias against religion being a better form for raising children, the public assistance system, and the education system ability to prepare youth for adulthood. My bias on religion is that children raised in a religious home or no more or less better than those raised without religion. Of the 83.1 percent of Americans who have some kind of religious affiliation some 16.1 percent have no affiliation this according to The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. I do believe that religion is an important aspect of civilization. Religions structure all... ...each my children how to function as adults and I understand that not all cases are universal. To not accept new information I am doing more harm than good. Works Cited Longley, Robert. "Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education - How a Higher Education Leads to Higher Lifetime Earnings." 2011. 04 April 2011 . "One in two African-American children lives in a single-parent home." 2011. 03 April 2011 . "Prison Incarceration and Religious Preference." 2011. 03 April 2011 . "Statistics on Religion in America Report -- Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life." 2011. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 03 April 2011 .

Research Paper -- essays papers

Research Paper Inclusion is a type of teaching that is being researched by many school districts across the country. It is the act of combining special education students in a regular classroom environment. Inclusion is a very controversial topic when it comes to the education of children, both regular and special education students. There are many beliefs in the welfare of all students and their ability to learn and function together. This belief has put a damper on school districts adopting the program of full inclusion. People feel that this will cause problems in the classroom for both general education and special education students. They feel that it will be a distraction for all students and that it will harm both their education and their emotional development. The articles that follow show that inclusion is extremely beneficial for all students and that the popular belief and the stereo-types given for full inclusion are not entirely right. The first article, â€Å"Full Inclusion, Dream or Reality,† (1995) focused on the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Act which has had a major impact on the educational rights of all children, specifically children with disabilities. This act ensures that all children have equal rights to education, where these children can expand their knowledge and become educated with the least restriction. Special Education students will be able to be in a classroom with students their age regardless of their skill level or type of disability. This full inclusive setting will allow students to develop socially as well. The students are now able to associate with many different groups of people then if they were segregated in their classroom. These social interactions will p... ...ver, or many people might turn to full inclusion as more research comes out. Bibliography Biklen, D. (2000 November). Constructing inclusion: lessons from critical, disability narratives. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 4 (4). Retrieved 20 April2003 from www.ebsco.com Cavallaro, C & Haney, M. (2002 April). Early Childhood and Inclusion. The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. Retrieves 21 April 2003 from http://ericec.org/faq/ec-inclu.html Gibb, G., & Young, J. (1997 July/August). A team-based junior high inclusion program. Remedial and Special Education, 18 (4), 243. Retrieved 20 April 2003 from www.ebsco.com. Morse, T., & Santos, K. (1995 October). Full inclusion: dream or reality? Journal for a Just and Caring Education, 1 (4) 449. Retrieved 20 April 2003 from www.ebsco.com

Czech Literature Essay

1. Characterize the main defining points of Czech pre 19th century history. Czech literature encompasses the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The Czech literature is divided into many periods, the Middle Ages, the Hussite Period, the Baroque period and the enlightenment that ushered in the 19th century Czech literature. Czech literature is unusually tri-lingual, utilizing Czech, Latin then German. Most of the writers before wrote in other languages (i. e. German) that’s why some of these writers and their works were classified as Austrian Literature. Early evidences of Czech poetic work around 12th centuries are the two songs, Hospodine, pomiluj ny (Lord Have Mercy Upon Us) and Svaty Vaclave (Saint Wenceslas). In the 13th century, various political, social and cultural changes happened. Epics such as Alexandreis, the Chronicles of Dalimil, the lyrical pieces Island Song and Cunigund’s Prayer, signaled the birth of a unique Czech literature. Enters the Hussite Era wherein the sole purpose of the literature was to expand and spread the arguments and doctrines of Jan Hus. Jan Hus was a theological writer at the beginning of the 15th century wherein he wrote mostly in Latin, and then Czech later on. Nonetheless, he published a compilation of his sermons in Czech and created rules of orthography and grammar that would later on be the foundation of modern Czech. Jan Hus’ works catered to the masses and mostly consist of social situations. This period truly developed Czech religious songs as alternates for Latin hymns and liturgy. However, Hussite Literature was oftentimes invalidated by works defending Catholicism just like Jan Rokycana’s works. Humanism, a new trend in Bohemia replaced the Hussite era. This form of literature mainly dealt about rival writings of Catholics in Latin and Protestants in Czech. However, the Catholics finally emerged victorious after the Protestants were defeated in the Battle of the White Mountain. Therefore, there was persuasive re-Catholicization that leads to confiscations and eviction of all Protestants. There was a splitting of literature, the domestic Catholic and the exiled Protestants. This was known as the Baroque period. However, the Bohemian nobility was unlike any European nobility during that time, they held special courts for the nobles separate from the public. This division resulted to the inability of the Baroque period of literature to expand and develop. The best known figure in Baroque Czech writing was John Commenius, a teacher, theologian, and philosopher. He grew up in Bohemia but was later on exiled due to Protestantism; and with his death, Protestant literature died away with him. After the demise of Protestantism and the power of Catholicism, a new development occurred with the declaration of Emperor Josef II to end feudalism and to tolerate freedom of religion and ideas. This ushered enlightened classicism, or the application of rational reasoning to all aspects of life. Having a national language and a literature in one’s own language was seen as necessary to build an identity for the nation. A renewed interest in Czech folk literature and prose novels that relates the history and evolution of the nation of Czech, and a certain Czech poetic style was developed. 2. Describe the first phase of national revival. Major Figures The national revival was a spin-off from the enlightenment of Czech literature. These ideas were all about renewal of everything Czech; from science to the arts and theater. However, there would still be a long way to go from being independent from the German style and develop a unique Czech style. This task was especially hard since German influence had span for so many years and the Czech language was already losing out. Hence, the solidarity among Czech citizens was greatly established and its connection with Russia, as well as restoration of the historicism and instilling nationalism amongst its people. Step by step, promotion of Czech’s unique culture and traditions finally escalated to the point of politics. This means that Czech’s status as a government is equal to Germany, with Czech having its own constitutions and local autonomy. However, in 1848, there was an outbreak of revolution all over Europe and Germany had demanded unification of other European countries with them. This involved the lesser Germany or a greater Germany wherein Czech would be a part of, supposedly. However, Chancellor Matternich of Austria resigned a month before the first Austrian Constitution was proclaimed. Nevertheless, uprisings were still adamant and a convention met in Vienna aiming to end the Viennese revolution and Slavic nations who resists Germany’s offer of incorporating Austria into Germany as part of its greater Germany concept. Upon so many debacles an Austro-Hungarian Settlement was reached, but this agreement totally ignored Czech’s demands, which led to an assembly of people at significant sites in Czech history. So, an agreement between Austria and Czech was develop in 1871 and it included increased authority of Czechs assemblies. However this agreement was flawed such that it increased discontent of Germans and Hungarians living in Czech and further negotiations for the treaty was stopped. The relationship among Czechs and Germans worsen eventually, that this led to the formation of Germans in Bohemia their own enclosed German territory wherein German is the official language. 3. Early 19th century poets After the enlightenment period and the national revival struggle, Romanticism entered the Czech literature scene. Frantisek Palacky was the leading Slavic scholar with Vaclav Hanka (1791–1861) who produced Slavic texts that became part of Czech’s literary tradition and culture. Moreover, the entrance of three literary figures such as Svatopluk Cech, Jan Neruda, and Joseph V. Sladek introduced poetry that was leaning towards the rich and the aristocrats. Svatopluk Cech (1846-1908) was a Czech poet and novelist. He became famous for his love for freedom and democracy and his inclination to Pan-Slavism. This enthusiasm with politics was observed through out his many writings; just like The Adamites (1873), Zizka (1879), and Vaclav of Michalovice (1880). His satirical novel Excursion of Mr. Broucek to the Moon (1886) was also well-regarded as well as his idyllic prose In the Shade of the Linden Tree (1879). Jan Neruda (1834-1891) was a Czech essayist and poet. A native of Prague, his famous Stories from Mala Strana (1878) were derived from his childhood in Prague. It also showed ridiculous interpretation of the Czech middle class that illustrates Czech realism. Joseph V. Sladek (1845-1912) was a Czech poet and translator. His works were influenced by Shakespearean plays since he lived in the United States for two years and the taught English in Prague and translated much American and English writings into Czech. Sladek’s poetry were free-verses and short at some point, demonstrating his personal sorrows and nationalistic ideology. His collections were entitled Basne [poems] (1875) and Sluncem a stinem [in sun and shade] (1887). 4. Development of Czech Theater Early theater in Czech was mainly composed of secular and liturgical dramas that present religious themes. These dramas were usually performed by professional actors and magicians. The Baroque Jesuit Drama was usually school plays that were run by the Jesuit Order of Priests in the 16th and 17th century. The theme was usually about country folk as presented to the urbanized public. Professional theater was made available by foreign performers who traveled from one country to another. They are usually Germans and English, some others Italians, as well as French. Theater, did not escape the National Revival Project of the Czechs. Performances are to be executed using primarily the Czech language. Vlastenecke divadlo or the Patriotic Theater, the Bouda or the Shack, and the Nostitz Building of the National Theater, were the beginning of Czech Porfessional Theater. Czech professional theater reached the countrysides through J. A. Prokop’s company theater where they made their performances using puppets in 1849. Finally, the opening of the Prozatimni Divadlo or Provisional Theater in 1862, Czech Theater created its own identity apart from German Theater. Consequently, the first generation of Czech Porfessional actors emerged like Josef Jiri Kolar and Anna Kolarova-Manetinska. Czech Opera also grew unexpectedly with seven premieres by Bedrich Smetana and five Antonin Dvorak (Czech Republic Website). The opening of the National Theater in Prague in 1883 introduced Czech Theater to the whole of Europe. Performances in Czech language started to increase and styles such as realism and naturalism developed. Then in the beginning of the 20th century the avant-garde of Czech theater materialized and the works of Jiri Mahen, Frana Sramek and Viktor Dyk, ushered the symbolist and impressionist dramas. A new style of acting was also developing through focusing on the mind and pysche of the character, and this was presented by Hana Kvapilova and Eduard Vojan, among many others. The Municipal Theater at Kralovske Vinohradyopened in Prague in 1907, and Karel Hugo Hilar performed the art of expressionism in theater. The development of Czech Theater was accompanied by the growth of Czech Theater Critics as well as magazines such as Scena were published. In 1918, wherein the development of an Independent Czechoslovakia was starting to brew, litearary works became rampant representing nationalistic ideas and usage of Czech language. Styles such as Avant-garde in Fantasy and Comedy also emerged. However, when the Nazi Occupation reached Czechoslovakia, all theaters were closed in 1944. Then in 1948, Czech theater emerged again with a new purpose, Socialist Realism. This was mainly a propaganda of the communist regime to spread out their doctrines. But, in 1950s, small theaters took forms apart from the â€Å"official† theater, that fascinated a larger group of non-conformist audiences. This is where the famous Czech writer Milan Kundera began writing for theater. 5. Compare city and village prose Czech literature was not clearly divided accordingly as city and village prose. Through out the thorough research, no mention as to the theme about city or village was encountered, however, an inkling that the oral literature of Czech could perhaps be defined as village prose. Since Czech literature in its oral form existed before the coming of any influence, from the urban cities or from the west, folk poetry was used. Another is the emergence of Catholic themes that could probably date back as far as 863 A. D. when Moravia and Bohemia were converted into Christianity through the labors of St. Cyril and St. Methodius. All Czech literature began in this era and with the exception of Bulgarian literature, Czech literature is the oldest and the richest. Themes range from secular and religious prose and liturgies of the Catholic Church. As with the city prose, conceivably emerged through the influx of other styles as Czech literature moved on. With the addition of the romanticism that relates knight’s tales and crusaders and the feasts that were held in honor of them. Humanism that copied Roman and Greek literature, and Avant-garde styles such as impressionism and expressionism and political themes could also be referred to as city prose. 6. Compare the literary groups Ruch and Lumir In the 1840s, with the rise of Czech literature, publications and journalism were also growing on its own. These publications contributed a lot for the political liberation of Czech from Austria. Literary periodicals that are closely connected with this political theme are the Lumir and Ruch. Lumir begun c. 1875, focused on the need to develop a Czech literature that would reach the level of international standards through the writings of Jaroslav Vrchlicky and Julius Zeyer. Ruch, who started in 1868, however, focused on strengthening national traditions and themes through the writings of Josef Vaclav Sladek and Svatopluk Cech. Both periodicals were directed towards patriotism and nationalism through publishing writers that have some say about the political situation of the country. These writers, expressed their love for Czechoslovakia by creating historical novels such of Alois Jirasek or was commonly known as ‘the Czech Walter Scott’, (1851–1930). Works Cited Czech and Slovak literature. † Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. Crystal Reference Systems Limited. 06 Dec. 2007. Reference. com http://www. reference. com/browse/crystal/08865